----- ITPARLIAMENT_19872008_FINAL.DTA This data set contains detailed individual information on the characteristics, political and work experience, income patterns, legislative accomplishments, and absences of the population of Italian members of Parliament from 1987 to 2008. The units of observation are the members of both the House of Representatives and the Senate elected in the following legislative terms: X (1987-92), XI (1992-94), XII (1994-96), XIII (1996-2001), XIV (2001-06), and XV (2006-08). The data have been collected by Stefano GAGLIARDUCCI, Tommaso NANNICINI, and Paolo NATICCHIONI within a research project financed by "ERE - Empirical Research in Economics" and are available for download on the website www.empirical-economics.com. The data have been used for the papers: - Stefano GAGLIARDUCCI, Tommaso NANNICINI, and Paolo NATICCHIONI (2008), "Outside Income and Moral Hazard: The Elusive Quest for Good Politicians", IZA Discussion Paper No.3295. - Stefano GAGLIARDUCCI, Tommaso NANNICINI, and Paolo NATICCHIONI (2008), "Electoral Rules and Politicians' Behavior: A Micro Test", IZA Discussion Paper No.3348. If you use this data set, please quote one of these two papers as the data source. ----- DATA SOURCES The data were collected from the following original sources: a) individual biographies of all the members of Parliament ("La Navicella") for personal details; b) Parliament Press Office for data on absences; c) Parliament Tax Declarations Archive for data on income patterns; d) Parliament website for data on bills. ----- LIST OF VARIABLES a) Variables collected from "La Navicella": id cross-sectional individual identifier uid panel individual identifier lastname family name firstname first name year_birth year of birth age age in years male gender prov_res province of residence (ISTAT codes) reg_res region of residence (ISTAT codes) prov_birth province of birth (ISTAT codes) reg_birth region of birth (ISTAT codes) married marital status (self-declared) nkids number of kids (self-declared) education_level highest educational level completed (self-declared) education_field field of education (self-declared) education_field2 second field of education (self-declared) - if two BA degrees previous_job previous job (self-declared) previous_job2 previous job (self-declared) - second job or job before retirement legislature legislative term house chamber of the parliament lifesenator life senator pol_party political party affiliation pol_party2 initial political party affiliation (in case of change) parl_exp_nterms previous parliament experience (number of terms) parl_exp_length previous parliament experience (number of years) old_system member of a party in the old political system (before change in 1994) old_system_party party affiliation in the old political system (before change in 1994) pol_national appointment in party at national level (self-declared) pol_local appointment in party at local level (self-declared) past_pol_national appointment in party at national level (self-declared) - past past_pol_local appointment in party at local level (self-declared) - past appointment_euparl member of the European parliament (self-declared) appointment_parl (vice)president/secretary in parliament/committee (self-declared) appointment_gov (vice)president/(vice)minister in government (self-declared) appointment_local (vice)president/mayor/executive/councillor in local government (self-declared) past_appointment_euparl member of the European parliament (self-declared) - past past_appointment_parl (vice)president/secretary in parliament/committee (self-declared) - past past_appointment_gov (vice)president/(vice)minister in government (self-declared) - past past_mayor mayor (self-declared) - past past_pres_reg (vice)president/executive of a region (self-declared) - past past_pres_prov (vice)president/executive of a province (self-declared) - past past_counc_city (vice)mayor/executive/councillor of a municipality (self-declared) - past past_counc_reg councillor of a region (self-declared) - past past_counc_prov councillor of a province (self-declared) - past committee1 member of committee (self-declared) committee2 member of a second committee (self-declared) reg_election region of election (ISTAT codes) macro_district_ele macro district of election district_id district id of election (majoritarian only) - within the parliament branch district_id2 district id of election (majoritarian only) - overall the country maj_election elected with a majoritarian system (single-member district) dual_candidate candidate in both the majoritarian and the proportional tier n_votes votes (missing if proportional election) perc_votes % votes (missing if proportional election, unless dual candidate) perc_votes_opponent % votes opponent (missing if proportional election, unless senator or dual) suppletive_election elected in a makeup election pol_party_opponent party of the opponent (missing if proportional election, unless senator or dual) NOTES: - For each variable, there is a distinction between missing (classified as -1) and not applicable (N.A., classified as -2); - married is equal to zero both when the individual declares to be not married and when she/he does not declare anything; - district_id2, dual_candidate, and pol_party_opponent are N.A. in legislatures X, XI, and XV; - previous_job2 is equal to missing when previous_job==13 (retired) and equal to N.A. when previous_job is missing; - committee2 is missing when committee1 is missing, while it is N.A. otherwise. b) Variable obtained from the Parliament Press Office: absenteeism_perc percentage of absences without any legitimate reason (like illness, mission, etc.) in electronic votes NOTES: - For each variable, there is a distinction between missing (classified as -1) and not applicable (N.A., classified as -2); - absenteeism_perc is N.A. (not collected) in legislatures X, XI, and XV. c) Variables collected from the Parliament website: bills_prop bills as main sponsor - proposed bills_prop_const constitutional bills as main sponsor - proposed bills_prop_distr bills as main sponsor to the region of election - proposed bills_prop_res bills as main sponsor to the region of residence - proposed bills_prop_birth bills as main sponsor to the region of birth - proposed bills_appr bills as main sponsor - approved bills_appr_distr bills as main sponsor to the region of election - approved bills_appr_res bills as main sponsor to the region of residence - approved bills_appr_birth bills as main sponsor to the region of birth - approved NOTES: - For each variable, there is a distinction between missing (classified as -1) and not applicable (N.A., classified as -2); - all these variable are N.A. (not collected) in legislature XV; - bills_prop_const is N.A. (not collected) in legislatures X, XI, and XV. d) Variables collected from the Parliament Income Tax Declarations Archive: income_1 gross income declared in year 1 of term (thousand euros) income_2 gross income declared in year 2 of term (thousand euros) income_3 gross income declared in year 3 of term (thousand euros) income_4 gross income declared in year 4 of term (thousand euros) income_5 gross income declared in year 5 of term (thousand euros) lab_income_1 gross labor income declared in year 1 of term (thousand euros) lab_income_2 gross labor income declared in year 2 of term (thousand euros) lab_income_3 gross labor income declared in year 3 of term (thousand euros) lab_income_4 gross labor income declared in year 4 of term (thousand euros) lab_income_5 gross labor income declared in year 5 of term (thousand euros) tax_income_1 gross taxable income declared in year 1 of term (thousand euros) tax_income_2 gross taxable income declared in year 2 of term (thousand euros) tax_income_3 gross taxable income declared in year 3 of term (thousand euros) tax_income_4 gross taxable income declared in year 4 of term (thousand euros) tax_income_5 gross taxable income declared in year 5 of term (thousand euros) net_tax_1 net tax in year 1 of term (thousand euros) net_tax_2 net tax in year 2 of term (thousand euros) net_tax_3 net tax in year 3 of term (thousand euros) net_tax_4 net tax in year 4 of term (thousand euros) net_tax_5 net tax in year 5 of term (thousand euros) parl_wage_1 gross parliament wage in year 1 of term (thousand euros) - imputed parl_wage_2 gross parliament wage in year 2 of term (thousand euros) - imputed parl_wage_3 gross parliament wage in year 3 of term (thousand euros) - imputed parl_wage_4 gross parliament wage in year 4 of term (thousand euros) - imputed parl_wage_5 gross parliament wage in year 5 of term (thousand euros) - imputed NOTES: - For each variable, there is a distinction between missing (classified as -1) and not applicable (N.A., classified as -2); - all of these variables are N.A. (not collected) for the legislature XV; - the legislatures XI and XII lasted only 2 years, so variables are not defined in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th year of these terms. ----- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Financial support by "ERE - Empirical Research in Economics" is gratefully acknowledged. The data collection was realized thanks to outstanding research assistance by Antonella Mennella and Giuliana Zito, as well as computing services by Emanuele Fusco. We also thank the personnel of the Italian Parliament for their collaboration, in particular Marco Cerase and Francesco Pultrone.